What are the methods and how to reduce share capital of the company

The company can reduce capital by using one of the following methods:

1. Reduce the liability of its shares in respect of the share capital not paid-up.
2. Cancel any paid up share capital which is lost or is unrepresented by available assets.
3. Pay off any paid up share capital which is in excess.

*Refer Section 66 of Companies Act 2013 and NCLT (Proceedure for reduction of share Capital of the company) Rules, 2016*

LATEST UPDATES ON LLP- The latest Updates on LLP in year 2020

The latest Updates on LLP in the year 2020 are as follows:

v  In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) of section 67 of the Limited Liability Partnership Act, 2008 (6 of 2009), the Central Government hereby directs that the provisions of section 460 of the Companies Act, 2013 (18 of 2013) shall apply to a limited liability partnership from 30th January, 2020.

v  Government brings schemes for 'fresh start' for companies, LLPs amid Covid- 19 outbreak. The entities would get immunity from penal proceedings with respect to delay in the submission of requisite filings. The government has extended the deadline for submitting filings without late fee till September 30, 2020.

    "Both the schemes also contain provision for giving immunity from penal proceedings,                          including against imposition of penalties for late submissions and also provide additional time   

     for filing appeals before the concerned Regional Directors against the imposition of penalties, if  

     already imposed," the release said

     However, the immunity would be only against delayed filings in MCA 21 portal and not

     against any substantive violation of the law.

     Requisite filings to the ministry are made through the MCA 21 portal.

NCLT & IBC During Lockdown under COVID-19 Pandemic

NCLT & IBC During Lockdown under COVID-19 Pandemic 

The National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) vide its notice dated 22.03.2020 had suspended judicial functioning and also mentioned that it would only hear matters which are unavoidable and urgent.

In view of the extension of the nationwide lockdown to contain COVID-19, the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) has decided to maintain the status quo as it has decided to continue hearing only unavoidable urgent matters.

“In view of the seriousness of pandemic novel coronavirus (COVID-19) the urgent matters at NCLT Benches shall be heard through video conference w.e.f 21.4.2020 till the lockdown ends,” the notice released on Monday said.

The company tribunal had announced that it would not accept any fresh filings from March 27 onward due to crowding at the filing centres. According to the notice, all benches of the NCLT will function with a single-judge bench until the lockdown ends.

For the filing and listing of these matters, an application has to be filed through email to the registry NCLT Chennai after the service of notice to the opposite party. Thereafter, appropriate orders would be passed by the Acting President (presiding at Chennai).The user shall file joint Memo in case of written submission under Companies Act, 2013 & IBC, 2016.

 It has also been made very clear by this notice that the parties/counsel would not be given a chance to make any oral submissions.

The NCLT has asked that all advocates, litigants and others who would be part of the hearings to dress formally while addressing the video conference.

Only certain benches would accept filings of matters with limitation issues while other benches would consider filings through email, the NCLT has said in the earlier notification.

The National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) followed suit by shutting down its premises and its filing counters on March 21.

Both the NCLT and the NCLAT had adjourned hearings for after the lockdown in progressive notices, however, with the lockdown being extended, the NCLT has decided to take up some of its pending cases.

The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) on the other hand on 17th April confirmed that The 21-day lockdown imposed to contain the spread of coronavirus will be excluded from timelines mandated by the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) in the resolution process. The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) has inserted a Regulation 40C in the insolvency law, called the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India Regulations 2020.

"Notwithstanding the time-lines contained in these regulations, but subject to the provisions in the Code, the period of lockdown imposed by the Central Government in the wake of COVID-19 outbreak shall not be counted for the purposes of the time-line for any activity that could not be completed due to such lockdown, in relation to a corporate insolvency resolution process," the new Regulation 40C states.

The new regulation will come into effect from March 29, 2020, IBBI said in a statement on Sunday. This means that troubled companies will get a breather of 17 days.

Originally, the insolvency law granted 180 days to finish the resolution process, which was extensible by 90 more days - 270 days in total. Presently, the IBC gives companies 330 days to finalise the resolution process, including litigation and other judicial processes. Failing which, the company will have to go to liquidation.

IBC has opened Window for Virtual Hearing for hearing their company grievances.

The user shall file joint Memo in case of written submission under Companies Act, 2013 & IBC, 2016. Applicant shall submit brief facts within five to ten lines and serve the same on the opposite party along with the supporting material and relief desired. Opposite party shall defend in the same manner and an Application, draft points or relief expected.

Scanned copies of evidences shall also be submitted along with the application. The usual practice of filing rejoinder is suspended for time being. If situation demands an interim relief shall also be provided before filing Memo.

Disclaimer:

Nothing in this document is to be construed as a legal opinion or views of Janmejay Singh Rajput & Associates (JSRA), Company Secretaries, whatsoever and the content is to be used strictly for educational/information purposes only.

Janmejay Singh Rajput, 

CS, LLB, Trade Mark Attorney, Certified CSR Professional,

Member of NCLT & AT Bar Association

Janmejay Singh Rajput & Associates (JSRA)

Company Secretaries 

38, Second Floor, Sant Nagar, East of Kailash,

New Delhi-110065- India

Contact No.- 011-41835558/ 9818715747

Mail-id:- racs.jsa@gmail.com, info@csjanmejay.com,

www.csjanmejay.com

MCA UPDATE (BY TEAM JSRA)

MCA UPDATE (BY TEAM JSRA)

FILE YOUR DIR 3 KYC BEFORE TIME TO AVOID LATE FEES PENALTY 5000 FROM 1 SEPTEMBER 2018 AND DIN WILL BE DEACTIVATED 

Documents Required

1. DSC of Director duly Registered;

2. Self attested PAN card;

3. Self attested Aadhar card with updated Mobile number with UIDAI;

4. Self attested Electricity Bill, Mobile Bill, Bank statement of Director (latest by 2 Months) of his/her present address;

5. Latest Passport size photo;

6. DIN declaration cum KYC.

DIR-3 KYC Will issuing from 10.07.2018.

Accordingly, every Director who has been allotted DIN on or before 31st March, 2018 and whose DIN is in ‘Approved’ status, would be mandatorily required to file form DIR-3 KYC on or before 31st August, 2018.

The form should be filed by every Director using his/her own DSC and should be duly certified by a practicing professional.

After expiry of the due date by which the KYC form is to be filed, the MCA21 system will mark all approved DINs (allotted on or before 31st March 2018) against which DIR-3 KYC form has not been filed as ‘Deactivated’ with reason as ‘Non-filing of DIR-3 KYC’. 

So please complete your Director KYC before 31 August 2018 to save penalty of Rs.5,000/-

How to set up Financial Goal - Finance Planning in New Financial Year-2018-19

Wishing a New Financial Year-2018-19 to all of you from Team JSRA.

This is our privilege to associate you since long as a client, friend and mentor to the business and I should start with a warm message - Happy new financial year-2018-19. It is rightly said that a good beginning makes a good end. Therefore, to convert this beginning into a tremendous starts, it makes sense to make some resolutions of New Financial Year - resolution to plan our expenses/plan our income, resolution to achieve Financial Freedom, Financial Goals and make your money work for you etc. It is better to come to the point. Here are some things you must consider today, tomorrow and for the whole year and of course for the life time:

1.      Analysis of your ‘Income Expenses Structure’ (Budgeting)

2.      Spend Smarter

3.      Set your Financial goal for whole Financial Year

4.      Prioritise your debts

5.      Have right asset allocation

6.      Magic of tax planning

1. Analysis of your ‘Income Expenses Structure’ (Budgeting)

It is always important to prepare your Inflow/Outflow chart in the beginning of the financial year and do analysis for the same, therefore, as to be prepared for the year ahead and also keep a track on your expenses and income plan wisely. It helps you to get a reality check about what percentage of your total income is going towards expenses and how much money can be left for savings. It also gives you a fair idea on where can you cut down some of your unusual expenses. This process will help you to plan your bigger expense & also help you to make your saving automated. Monthly review over your income and expenses will create a asset at the end of the year.

2. Spend Smarter-Spend Wisely 

Money earns More Money. Spend smarter and invest for your future. Along with managing your money in a better and efficient way, it is equally important to spend your money smarter. Nowadays we own more stuff than we actually need, there must be few things that you purchased, were of no use or of minimal use to you. Spend your money wisely; this can help you save more without any added efforts. The way you can do it is trying postponing your urge to buy that particular thing by few days & after that if you feel no urge to buy it that means you don’t need it.

3. Prioritise your debts:

Paying off your debt should be your first priority, as it is always advisable to earn compounding interest rather than paying it. There is two coin of each story, likewise under compounding interest mechanism there are two sides of coin one create money for you and another will ruin your money, therefore you need to understand the power of compounding interest, do understand that it can equally play out as if it’s on debt and or on investment. Therefore, it is suggestible to first clear your dues, for that, you have to make a list of all your loans and try paying them off, starting with the one where you are paying highest interest rate.

4. Set your Financial Goal:

Everyone has some or the other goal in life. To achieve these goals you should follow a simple rule ‘Plan – Save – Invest’. Create a financial plan, start saving and invest early in order to generate long term wealth and fulfill your goals. You should define your goals in order to achieve them. Identifying goals gives a purpose for investments.
5. Have right asset allocation

It is known that 90% of long term wealth creation happens through correct asset allocation decisions. Periodic portfolio health checkup helps in achieving long term goals. You should review your financial portfolio at least once in a quarter every year and there is no better time other than month of April (start of Financial New Year) to check your portfolio, to know the proper asset allocation of your portfolio. Also do check if there is a change in your current risk profile and the concurrence of your asset allocation and risk profile.

6. Tax planning- Magic to achieve your Financial Goal

Tax planning is one thing that most of the individuals ignore in the beginning and then end up paying more tax. This additional tax payment could have been saved if planned properly in the beginning of the year. At the end they rush to save their taxes and end up investing in instruments which doesn’t suit their portfolio or risk appetite. 

Tax-planning is not only to reduce tax liability but it’s a way to achieve future goals by planning finances in a tax –efficient way with a view to earn optimum returns. Over a longer period power of compounding can also show its wonder under section 80C of income Tax Act.

Tax planning products can be broadly divided into debt & equity, if your portfolio is small & major portion is covered by tax planning than you should also pay equal attention towards asset allocation in tax planning and when you need the corpus. 

Over the time there are other better investment avenue with high returns are available in the market such as SIP- systematic investment plan in Mutual fund. If you will see the track record there are lots of companies who give better returns in terms of your investment.

There is no better time to invest, just plan your investments as per financial goal.

7. Overcome procrastination- Do not postpone Financial decisions:

Some people have the habit of giving less urgent tasks the preference over more urgent ones, and thus putting off impending tasks for future, sometimes to the last minute before the deadline. For example, every year you can file your income tax returns between April 1 and July 31. However, most taxpayers file tax returns during the last week of July. Similarly, for most people every year tax planning starts in January, instead of planning and executing it round the year. Procrastination even costs one if investments for a particular goal is delayed.

For example, two person start investing Rs.2,000 every month for retirement, the first at 25 years of age and the second at 35. At 8% p.a. rate of interest on their investments, the first person has about Rs. 18 lacs more than the second person at 60.

Conclusion:

It is always better to be proactive than reactive, proactive behaviour brings in more focus & control. It helps you to see your financial challenges in advance and gives you healthy time to find a solution for them.

“If you want to be happy, set a goal that commands your thoughts, liberates your energy and inspires your hopes.”

We hope you know the power of financial planning as well as the power of regular check-up of your financial health.

Thanks and Regards

Janmejay Singh Rajput

9818715747

Racs.jsa@gmail.com

Disclaimer:

The views expressed in the articles, comments and all other contributions in any other form are those of the individual author. No part of this work may be produced and stored in a retrieved system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying recording or otherwise without written permission from the publisher.

For singing Legal documents/reports whether blue pen or black pen is required

There is no color required by law, it's just that most people in the legal profession prefer blue for original signatures because this helps distinguish original documents from photocopies. If you're in a pinch and can't find your blue Bic, a black Bic will do fine (or medium).

while there don’t appear to be any laws regulating the color of ink you use to sign a legal document, some organizations, jurisdictions, and individual document custodians (county clerks, notaries, etc.) have their own preferences and practices regarding ink color. Of course, important documents should never be signed in pencil, as your signature can easily be erased or otherwise altered.

In the days before color photocopiers, blue or black ink was preferred because other colors were not dark enough to reproduce. Although photocopying technology has improved in recent years, some document scanners are unable to make out unusual colors such as orange or green.

When it comes to choosing between blue or black ink, the consensus is that blue makes it easier to assume a document is a signed original as opposed to a black-and-white copy. Regardless, you should always read the document instructions regarding color preferences or research local procedures before signing a document that will be notarized or submitted to a court.

Does Ink Quality Matter When Signing Legal Forms?

When selecting a pen to sign a legal document, ink quality also matters. It’s important not to use a cheap pen, as lower quality inks tend to be water based, meaning they can be washed off and altered, or fade over time. Often, these inks also contain acid that eventually wears away the paper.

So, for legal documents, look for an archival quality, or “check-safe” pen that is permanent, waterproof, and acid free. These can be purchased for a relatively low cost at any office supply store.

From Source 

CODS-2018 (Condonation of Delay Scheme- 2018) MCA

Staring from 01st Jan.2018

MCA Circular – Condonation of Delay Scheme

---

General Circular No………./2017

File No. 02/04//2017
Ministry of Corporate Affairs

5th Floor,‘A’Wing,Shastri Bhawan
Dr.Rajendra Prasad Road,
NewDelhi-110001.
Dated……2017

To
All Regional Directors,
All Registrar of Companies,
All Stakeholders.

Sir,

Subject: Condonation of Delay Scheme 2018

Whereas, companies registered under the Companies Act,2013 (or its predecessor Act) are inter-alia required to file their Annual Financial statements and Annual Returns with the Registrar of Companies and non-filing of such reports is an offence under the said Act.

Whereas, section 164(2) of the Act read with section 167 of the Companies Act, 2013 [the Act], which provisions were commenced with effect from 01.04.2014, provide for disqualification of a director on account of default by a company in filing an annual return or a financial statement for a continuous period of three years.

Whereas, Rule 14 of the Companies (Appointment and Qualification of Directors) Rules, 2014 further prescribes that every director shall inform to the company concerned about his disqualification, if any, under section 164(2), in form DIR-8.

Whereas, consequent upon notification of provisions of section 164(2), Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) had launched a Company Law Settlement Scheme 2014 providing an opportunity to the defaulting companies to clear their defaults within the time period specified therein and following the due process as notified.

Whereas, MCA in September 2017, identified 3,09,614 directors associated with the companies that had failed to file financial statements or annual returns in the MCA21 online registry for a continuous period of three financial years 2013-14 to 2015-16 in terms of provisions of section 164(2) r/w 167(1)(a) of the Act and they were barred from accessing the online registry and a list of such directors was published on the website of MCA.

Whereas, as a result of above action, there have been a spate of representations from industry, defaulting companies and their directors seeking an opportunity for the defaulting companies to become compliant and normalize operations.

Whereas, certain affected persons have also filed writ petitions before various High Courts seeking relief from the disqualification.

Whereas, with a view to giving an opportunity for the non-compliant, defaulting companies to rectify the default, in exercise of its powers conferred under sections 403, 459 and 460 of the Companies Act, 2013, the Central Government has decided to introduce a Scheme namely “Condonation of Delay Scheme 2018” [CODS-2018] as follows.

1. The scheme shall come into force with effect from 01.01.2018 and shall remain in force up to 31.03.2018

2. Definitions – In this scheme, unless the context otherwise requires, –

(i) “Act” means the Companies Act, 2013 and Companies Act, 1956 (where ever applicable);

(ii) ‘overdue documents’ means the financial statements or the annual returns or other associated documents, as applicable, in the case of a defaulting company and refer to documents mentioned in paragraph 5 of the scheme.

(iii) “Company” means a company as defined in clause of 20 of section 2 of the Companies Act, 2013;

(iv)  “Defaulting company” means a company which has not filed its financial statements or annual return as required under the Companies Act, 1956 or Companies Act, 2013, as the case may be, and the Rules made thereunder for a continuous period of three yea

(v) “Designated authority” means the Registrar of Companies having jurisdiction over the registered office of the company.

3. Applicability: – This scheme is applicable to all defaulting companies (other than the companies which have been stuck off/whose names have been removed from the register of companies under section 248(5) of the Act). A defaulting company is permitted to file its overdue documents which were due for filing till 30.06.2017 in accordance with the provisions of this Scheme.

4. Procedure to be followed for the purposes of the scheme:– (1) In the case of defaulting companies whose names have not been removed from register of companies,-

(i) The DINs of the disqualified directors de-activated at present shall be temporarily activated during the validity of the scheme to enable them to file the overdue document.

(ii) The defaulting company shall file the overdue documents in the respectively prescribed eForms paying the statutory filing fee and additional fee payable as per section 403 of the Act read with Companies (Registration Offices and fee) Rules, 2014 for filing these overdue documen

(iii) The defaulting company after filing documents under this scheme, shall seek condonation of delay by filing form e-CODS 2018 attached to this scheme along with a fee of 30,000/- (Rs. Thirty Thousand only) as prescribed under the Companies (Registration Offices and Fee) Rules, 2014 well before the last date of the scheme.

(iv) The DINs of the Directors associated with the defaulting companies that have not filed their overdue documents and the eform CODS, and these are not taken on record in the MCA21 registry and are still found to be disqualified on the conclusion of the scheme in terms of section 164(2)(a) r/w 167(1)(a) of the Act shall be liable to be deactivated on expiry of the scheme period.

(2) In the event of defaulting companies whose names have been removed from the register of companies under section 248 of the Act and which have filed applications for revival under section 252 of the Act up to the date of this scheme, the Director’s DIN shall be re-activated only NCLT order of revival subject to the company having filing of all overdue documents.

5. Scheme not to apply for certain documents – This scheme shall not apply to the filing of documents other than the following overdue documents:

(i) Form Number 20B/MGT-7- Form for filing Annual Return by a company having share capital.

(ii) Form 21A/MGT-7- Particulars of Annual return for the company not having share capital.

(iii) Form 23AC, 23ACA, 23AC-XBRL, 23ACA-XBRL, AOC-4, AOC-4(CFS), AOC (XBRL) and AOC-4(non-XBRL) –  Forms for  filing Balance Sheet/Financial Statement and profit and loss account.

(iv) Form 66- Form for submission of Compliance Certificate with the Registrar.

(v) Form 23B/ADT-1- Form for intimation for Appointment of Auditors.

6. The Registrar concerned shall withdraw the prosecution(s) pending if any before the concerned Court(s) for all documents filed under the scheme. However, this scheme is without prejudice to action under section 167(2) of the Act or civil and criminal liabilities, if any, of such disqualified directors during the period they remained disqualified.

7. At the conclusion of the Scheme, the Registrar shall take all necessary actions under the Companies Act, 1956/ 2013 against the companies who have not availed themselves of this Scheme and continue to be in default in filing the overdue documents

Yours faithfully,

(KMS. Narayanan)
Assistant Director (Policy)
23387263

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Use of Digital Signature

User can use DSC Digital Signature certificate for following purposes:

1. For sending and receiving digitally signed and encrypted emails/ documents.
2.For carrying out secure web-based transactions.
3.In eTendering, eProcurement,for Registrar of Companies e-filing,Income Tax for e-filing income tax returns and also in many other applications.
4. For signing documents like MS Word, MS Excel and PDFs.
5. For login on various government departments, Banks such as DGFT RBI etc

TRADE MARK REGISTRATION

required documents for Trade mark application

1. details as per TM-A for application.
2. One colour image of original Trade Mark/Logo in jpeg. format (size should not
be exceed 8cm* 8cm)
3. Exact name/words/logo to be registered.
4. Actual description of goods/services in respect of which the trade marks is
proposed to be used or has been used.
5. Class of goods/services.
6. Power of attorney (TM-48) in favour of Janmejay Singh Rajput and Associates
(Company Secretaries).
7. The actual date, month and year since the trade mark is being used (if already is
being used, User affidavit required) or if the use is proposed in future. (Please
specify)

Janmejay Singh
9818715747

27 RETURNS PRESCRIBED UNDER GST

TOTAL 27 RETURNS PRESCRIBED UNDER GST; FIND OUT HOW MANY YOU NEED TO FILE

With introduction of Goods and Services Tax in India, compliance for tax payers is set to go up. Service sector will get most effected since under current law, almost every service provider operated under centralised registration scheme wherein 2 returns in a year is all they file. Annual return has been recently added. Manufacturing sector is a compliance heavy industry which files monthly Excise and VAT returns (state specific)._

Under GST, 27 different returns have been prescribed. Details of all the returns to be furnished by registered persons have been enlisted below:

1. *Form GSTR-1* Details of outward supplies of taxable goods and/or services effected.

2. *Form GSTR-1A* Details of outward supplies as added, corrected or deleted by the recipient.

3. *Form GSTR-2* Details of inward supplies of taxable goods and/or services claiming input tax credit.

4. *Form GSTR-2A* Details of inward supplies made available to the recipient on the basis of *FORM GSTR-1* furnished by the supplier.

5. *Form GSTR-3* Monthly return on the basis of finalization of details of outward supplies and inward supplies along with the payment of amount of tax.

6. *Form GSTR-3A* Notice to a registered taxable person who fails to furnish return under section 27 and section 31.

7. *Form GSTR-4* Quarterly Return for compounding Taxable persons.

8. *Form GSTR-4A* Details of inward supplies made available to the recipient registered under composition scheme on the basis of *FORM GSTR-1* furnished by the supplier.

9. *Form GSTR-5* Return for Non-Resident foreign taxable person.

10. *Form GSTR-6* ISD return.

11. *Form GSTR-6A* Details of inward supplies made available to the ISD recipient on the basis of *FORM GSTR-1* furnished by the supplier.

12. *Form GSTR-7* Return for authorities deducting tax at source.

13. *Form GSTR-7A* TDS Certificate.

14. *Form GST-ITC-1* Communication of acceptance, discrepancy or duplication of input tax credit claim.

15. *Form GSTR-8* Details of supplies effected through e-commerce operator and the amount of tax collected as required under sub-section (1) of section 43C.

16. *Form GSTR-9* Annual return.

17. *Form GSTR-9A* Simplified Annual return by Compounding taxable persons registered under section 8.

18. *Form GSTR-9B* Reconciliation Statement.

19. *Form GSTR-10* Final return.

20. *Form GSTR-11* Details of inward supplies to be furnished by a person having UIN.

21. *Form GST-TRP-1* Application for enrolment as Tax return preparer.

22. *Form GST-TRP-2* Enrolment certificate as Tax return preparer.

23. *Form GST-TRP-3* Show cause to as Tax return preparer.

24. *Form GST-TRP-4* Order of cancelling enrolment as Tax return preparer.

25. *Form GST-TRP-5* List of Tax return preparers.

26. *Form GST-TRP-6* Consent of taxable person to Tax return preparer.

27. *Form GST-TRP-7* Withdrawal of authorization to tax return preparer.

Role of PCS under the GST law envisaged for India

Role of PCS under the GST law envisaged for India

A company secretary is well versed in laws subject without any doubt by virtue of his academic knowledge and practical training and particularly master to understand the laws subjects. Indirect taxes/GST would be more laws compared to computation to tax, it is easiest for the Company Secretary to understand and be an expert in the subject of Indirect Taxes/ GST. Company secretary can play an important role being an advisor and facilitator for due compliance of laws relating to Indirect Taxes/goods and Service Tax( GST) to the general business community and corporate world as well. The company secretary can perform the following types of services to clients:-

(i) Advisory services or strategic advisor – A company secretary can better interpret the law of Indirect taxes or proposed GST law and provide comprehensive guidance and advisory to the business. Company secretary are more suited for the services because for their knowledge of laws and good communication skills

(ii) Tax Planning – Company secretary is competent to understand the impact of laws and its various alternatives based on the proper tax planning of indirect taxes/GST.

(iii) Procedural Compliances – Procedure Compliance includes registration, filing of returns, payments of taxes, assessment etc. the procedure compliance is the easiest task because Company Secretary is already playing a role of Compliance Officer under various other laws.

(iv) Book/Record Keeping Like other tax laws indirect taxes/ GST would require proper record keeping and accounting systematic records of credit of input/input service and its proper utilisation is necessary for this REFERENCER ON GOODS AND SERVICES TAX 103 success of GST. Company secretary must learn and equipped to perform this tasks and it is easy because CS course have all the subjects.

(v) Representation – Company Secretary can provide this service with confidence because of practical exposure with various competent authorities. Company secretary can better justify this service.

(vi) Appellate work Because of legal drafting skill, the Company Secretary can provide better service in the appellate work.